Emissions from electronic cigarettes also typically contain nicotine and other toxic substances that are harmful also to second-hand smokers
"For the emerging markets, the main lesson is that you need to build deep and meaningful financial markets in your own country," the EBRD's chief economist Sergei Guriev told Reuters.
"Otherwise, because of problems in some other country, you may have an external financing shock and you will have a crisis."
It echoes warnings from the likes of the Bank for International Settlements and IMF about countries stacking up too much dollar-denominated debt when the global rush to slash interest rates made it look ultra-cheap.
Now, however, the dollar is rising and countries are having to use more of their reserves to pay the money back. One such country is Turkey, which has seen its currency slump.
"[Turkey has] a high level of dollar debt, a lack of independent decision making by the central bank, a lack of inflation targeting which results in wiping out euro-denominated financial markets, shorting the duration of lira financial instruments and reinforcing this burden of indebtedness," Guriev said. - Reuters
Emissions from electronic cigarettes also typically contain nicotine and other toxic substances that are harmful also to second-hand smokers
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