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After day three's first session was washed out by wet weather, only 27 minutes of play was possible before the players walked off with just 5.2 overs bowled.
The umpires called off play at 15:35pm local time (10:35 GMT), after only 91 overs of play in three days.
Sri Lanka progressed to 282-6 from an overnight total of 263-6, with Dhananjaya de Silva on 87 - 13 short of his fourth Test hundred.
Dilruwan Perera was unbeaten on six as stop-start play left the players and some 2,000 fans, mostly schoolkids, frustrated.
On Thursday, rain and poor light kept the teams off the field for all but 83 minutes.
For Pakistan, 16-year-old paceman Naseem Shah (2-83) and Shaheen Shah Afridi (2-58) were the most successful bowlers.
The conditions have put a dampener on the long-awaited return to Test cricket in Pakistan, following the 2009 militant attack on Sri Lanka's team bus that left eight people dead and several players and officials wounded.
But despite the poor weather, schoolchildren were thrilled when Pakistan players went to the fence to take selfies with them.
"I am over the moon as I had a selfie with (batsman) Babar Azam and my wish has come true," said Amna Ansari, a school student from Islamabad.
Hamad Ali, from Rawalpindi thanked the Sri Lankan team for touring Pakistan.
"It needed a big heart to come to a country where their team was attacked," Ali said.
"We must thank Sri Lanka and hope more teams will come to our country."
Gradual improvement in security allowed Pakistan to host limited over series between 2015-19 but foreign teams refused to play five-day games.
The second Test starts in Karachi from December 19.Scoreboard
Sri Lanka 1st innings
D. Karunaratne lbw b Shaheen 59
O. Fernando c Sohail b Naseem 40
K. Mendis c Rizwan b Shinwari 10
A. Mathews c Shafiq b Naseem 31
D. Chandimal b Abbas 2
D. de Silva not out 87
N. Dickwella c Azam b Shaheen 33
D. Perera not out 6
Extras: (b 5, lb 6, nb 3) 14
Total: (6 wkts; 91.5 overs) 282
Still to bat: V. Fernando, K. Rajitha, L. Kumara
Fall of wickets: 1-96, 2-109, 3-120, 4-127, 5-189, 6-256
Bowling: Abbas 24-9-56-1, Shaheen 22-7-58-2 (nb3), Shinwari 15-4-54-1, Naseem 24.5-5-83-2, Sohail 3-0-12-0, Masood 1-1-0-0, Shafiq 2-0-8-0
Pakistan: Shan Masood, Abid Ali, Azhar Ali, Babar Azam, Haris Sohail, Asad Shafiq, Mohammad Rizwan, Usman Shinwari, Mohammad Abbas, Naseem Shah, Shaheen Shah Afridi
Toss: Sri Lanka
Umpires: Richard Kettleborough (ENG) and Michael Gough (ENG)
TV umpire: Richard Illingworth (ENG)
Match referee: Andy Pycroft (ZIM)
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