Pakistan: Fatal flooding has hallmarks of global warming

The familiar ingredients of a warming world were already in place — searing temperatures, hotter air holding more moisture, extreme weather getting wilder, melting glaciers, people living in harm’s way, and poverty. They combined in vulnerable Pakistan to create unrelenting rain and deadly flooding.

This flooding has all the hallmarks of a catastrophe juiced by climate change, but it is too early to formally assign the blame to global warming, several scientists tell The Associated Press. It occurred in a country that did little to cause the warming, but keeps getting hit, just like the relentless rain.

“This year Pakistan has received the highest rainfall in at least three decades. So far this year the rain is running at more than 780 per cent above average levels,” said Abid Qaiyum Suleri, executive director of the Sustainable Development Policy Institute, and a member of Pakistan’s Climate Change Council.

“Extreme weather patterns are turning more frequent in the region, and Pakistan is not an exception.”

Climate Minister Sherry Rehman called it a "catastrophe of unprecedented proportions".

Pakistan “is considered the eighth most vulnerable country to climate change”, said Moshin Hafeez, a Lahore-based climate scientist at the International Water Management Institute. Its rain, heat and melting glaciers are all climate change factors that scientists warned repeatedly about.

While they point out these classic climate change fingerprints, they have not yet finished intricate calculations that compare what happened in Pakistan to what would happen in a world without warming. That study, expected in a few weeks, will formally determine how much climate change is a factor, if at all.

The “recent flood in Pakistan is actually an outcome of the climate catastrophe ... that was looming very large," said Anjal Prakash, a research director at India’s Bharti Institute of Public Policy.

“The kind of incessant rainfall that has happened ... has been unprecedented."

Pakistan is used to monsoons and downpours, but “we do expect them spread out — usually over three months or two months,” said the country's climate minister Rehman.

There are usually breaks, she said, and not as much rain — 37.5cm falls in one day, nearly three times higher than the national average for the past three decades.

“Neither is it so prolonged ... It’s been eight weeks, and we are told we might see another downpour in September.”

“Clearly, it’s being juiced by climate change,” said Jennifer Francis, a climate scientist at the Woodwell Climate Research Center in Massachusetts.

There’s been a 400 per cent increase in average rainfall in areas like Balochistan and Sindh, which led to the extreme flooding, Hafeez said. At least 20 dams have been breached.

The heat has been as relentless as the rain. In May, Pakistan consistently saw temperatures above 45°C. Scorching temperatures higher than 50°C were recorded in places like Jacobabad and Dadu.

Warmer air holds more moisture — about 7 per cent more per °C — and that eventually comes down (in this case) in torrents.

Across the world “intense rainstorms are getting more intense,” said Princeton University climate scientist Michael Oppenheimer. According to him, mountains, like those in Pakistan, help wring extra moisture out, as the clouds pass.

Instead of just swollen rivers flooding from extra rain, Pakistan is hit with another source of flash flooding:

The extreme heat accelerates the long-term glacier melting, after which water speeds down from the Himalayas to Pakistan in a dangerous phenomena called glacial lake outburst floods.

“We have the largest number of glaciers outside the polar region, and this affects us,” climate minister Rehman said.

“Instead of keeping their majesty and preserving them for posterity and nature, we are seeing them melt.”

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Not all of the problem is climate change.

Pakistan saw similar flooding and devastation in 2010 that killed nearly 2,000 people. However, the government didn’t implement plans to prevent future flooding by preventing construction and homes in flood prone areas and river beds, said Suleri of the country's Climate Change Council.

The disaster is hitting a poor country that has contributed relatively little to the world's climate problem, scientists and officials said. Since 1959, Pakistan has emitted about 0.4 per cent of heat-trapping carbon dioxide, compared to 21.5 per cent by the United States and 16.4 per cent by China.

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