Explainer: Two years on since Beirut blast, why has no top official been held to account?

This Thursday marks the second anniversary of Lebanon's Beirut port explosion, which killed at least 215 people, wounded thousands, and damaged vast swathes of the capital.

Despite the devastation wrought by the blast— one of the biggest non-nuclear explosions ever recorded— a judicial investigation has brought no senior official to account.

With the probe frozen for months, many Lebanese people see this as an example of the impunity enjoyed by a ruling elite that has long avoided accountability for corruption and bad governance, including policies that led to a financial collapse.

Here is a recap of how the blast happened, and the obstacles that have paralysed the investigation.

What happened?

The explosion, which took place just after 6pm on August 4, 2020, resulted from the detonation of hundreds of tonnes of ammonium nitrate, which ignited as a blaze tore through the warehouse where they were stored.

Originally bound for Mozambique aboard a Russian-leased ship, the chemicals had been at the port since 2013, when they were unloaded during an unscheduled stop to take on extra cargo.

The ship never left the port, becoming tangled in a legal dispute over unpaid port fees and ship defects. No one ever came forward to claim the shipment.

The amount of ammonium nitrate that blew up was one fifth of the 2,754 tonnes unloaded in 2013, the FBI concluded, adding to suspicions that much of the cargo had gone missing.

The blast was so powerful it was felt 250 km away in Cyprus, and sent a mushroom cloud over Beirut.

Who knew about the chemicals?

Senior Lebanese officials, including President Michel Aoun and the then-Prime Minister Hassan Diab, were aware of the cargo.

Shortly after the blast, Aoun said that he had told security chiefs to "do what is necessary" after learning of the chemicals. Diab had also stated that his conscience was clear.

Human Rights Watch said in a report last year that high-level security and government officials "foresaw the significant threat to life... and tacitly accepted the risk of deaths occurring".

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Who has investigated the blast?

The Justice Minister appointed Judge Fadi Sawan as Head Investigator shortly after the blast. Sawan charged three ex-ministers and Diab with negligence over the blast in December, 2020, but then hit strong political pushback.

A court removed him from the case in February, 2021 after two of the ex-ministers— Ali Hassan Khalil and Ghazi Zeitar— complained that he had overstepped his powers.

Judge Tarek Bitar was appointed to replace Sawan. He sought to interrogate senior figures, including Zeitar and Khalil, both of whom were members of Parliament Speaker Nabih Berri's Amal Movement, and allies of the Iran-backed Hezbollah.

Judge Bitar also sought to question Major-General Abbas Ibrahim, head of the powerful General Security agency.

All have denied wrongdoing.

How has the probe been stymied?

All of the current and former officials that Bitar sought to question (as suspects) have resisted, arguing they have immunity, or that he lacked authority to prosecute them. This tussle has played out in the courts, in political life, and out on the streets.

Suspects swamped courts last year, with more than two dozen legal cases seeking Bitar's removal over alleged bias and "grave mistakes", leading to several suspensions of the investigation.

The ex-ministers have said that any cases against them were to be heard by a special court for presidents and ministers.

That court has never held a single official accountable, and it would pass control of the probe to ruling parties in parliament.

The probe has been in complete limbo since early 2022, due to the retirement of judges from a court that was to rule on several complaints against Bitar, before he could continue.

The finance minister— who is backed by Berri— has held off signing a decree appointing new judges, citing concerns with the sectarian balance of the bench.

What does Hezbollah think?

Bitar has not pursued any members of the heavily armed, Iran-backed Hezbollah group.

Yet, Hezbollah campaigned fiercely against him last year, when Bitar sought to question its allies. One senior Hezbollah official sent Bitar a message warning that the group would "uproot" him.

An anti-Bitar protest called by Hezbollah and its allies last October escalated into deadly violence.

Hezbollah has accused the United States, which lists the group as a terrorist organisation, of meddling in the probe. The US ambassador has denied this.

Hezbollah dismissed accusations made at the time of the blast that it had stored arms at the port, and said that it had nothing to do with the blast. Its adversaries have long accused the group of controlling the port— something it also denies.